Interaction effect between breakfast skipping and sedentary behavior in the dietary inflammatory potential of Brazilian school-age children.

OBJECTIVES: Missed nutrients from skipped meals affect diet quality. However, the extent to which breakfast skipping affects the inflammatory potential of a diet, as indicated by Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) score, remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between breakfast skipping and C-DII score, and investigate the presence of interaction with sociodemographic factors and sedentary behavior. METHODS: This representative cross-sectional study enrolled 378 children ages 8 and 9 y from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil in 2015. We collected sociodemographic data (sex, age, race, and household per-capita income) and screen time using a semistructured questionnaire. Dietary intake and breakfast skipping were evaluated by three 24-h dietary recalls from which energy-adjusted C-DII scores were calculated. We performed linear regression models to test the associations and possible interactions. RESULTS: The prevalence of breakfast skipping and sedentary behavior were 20.1% and 47.6%, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation of the C-DII scores was 0.60 ± 0.94, and ranged from -2.16 (most anti-inflammatory diet) to 2.75 (most proinflammatory diet). Breakfast skipping was associated with a higher intake of lipids, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat, as well as lower carbohydrate, calcium, and magnesium intake (P < 0.05). After adjustment, breakfast skippers had higher C-DII scores (ß = 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.54). This association was more pronounced in children with sedentary behavior (ß = 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast skipping was associated with a more proinflammatory diet in school-age children, and there was significant interaction with sedentary behavior. Early childhood interventions encouraging the habit of eating a breakfast and engaging in physical activity may help reduce the dietary inflammatory potential and prevent related cardiometabolic disorders.

Iodine Concentration in Brazilian Drinking Water and Its Possible Contribution to Iodine Intake for Different Physiological Groups.

Objective: The objective is to analyze the concentration of iodine in Brazilian drinking water and its possible contribution to iodine intake for different groups. Methods: Water samples collected from primary healthcare units in eight locations distributed across all five macroregions of Brazil were analyzed. The quantification of iodine in the water samples was done by spectrophotometry (leuco crystal violet method). To classify the degree of iodine concentration, the recommendation of the Ministry of Health (China) was followed since Brazil lacks a classification standard. To verify the possible contribution of drinking water to iodine intake for different groups, the recommended water intake for each group according to the United States Institute of Medicine (2004) was considered. The percentage of iodine in drinking water and its contribution to iodine intake for different physiological groups were calculated based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) of iodine. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 and Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) version 9.2. Results: Significant differences were found between the maximum and minimum concentrations of iodine in water samples from the same location. In Pinhais (south region), the difference was 44.32 µg· L-1; in Viçosa (southeast region), it was 27.86 µg·L-1; in Rondonópolis (midwest region), it was 12.66 µg·L-1; in São Luís (northeast region), it was 11.82 µg·L-1; in Brasilian Federal District (midwest region), it was 10.98 µg·L-1; in Macaé (southeast region), it was 10.14 µg· L-1; in Palmas (north region), it was 4.22 µg·L-1; and in Vitória (southeast region), it was 1.69 µg·L-1. The maximum concentrations of iodine found in the drinking water of Pinhais and Viçosa can contribute more than 70.0% and 50.0%, respectively, to daily iodine intake for all groups. Conclusion: Monitoring the concentration of iodine in drinking water from different locations in each city or Federal District is a preventive measure against inadequate iodine intake and possible adverse changes in population health.

TAG-glucose (TyG) index in childhood: an estimate of cut-off points and the relation to cardiometabolic risk in 4- to 9-year-old children.

OBJECTIVE: To propose cut-off points for the TAG-glucose (TyG) index in Brazilian children and evaluate the link to cardiometabolic risk. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with children from a municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference and waist:height ratio), biochemical (lipid and glucose profile) and blood pressure (BP) tests were performed. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve, cut-off points for the TyG index were proposed according to sex using homoeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance (IR) as the reference method. SETTING: Viçosa, MG, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 4-9 years (n 515). RESULTS: The TyG index cut-off points to identify the risk of IR were 7·9 and 8·1 for boys and girls, respectively. We observed that 48·7 % of the children had an increased TyG index. The increased TyG index was associated with overweight, total body and central fat, increased BP and altered lipid profile. Children with an increased TyG index had a higher accumulation of cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: According to the cut-off points proposed by the current study, children at risk of IR estimated by the TyG index presented a higher cardiometabolic risk, including isolated risk factors, as to the higher accumulation of these.

Predictive capacity of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index for insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

Insulin resistance (IR) in childhood plays a key role in the development of metabolic changes in adulthood, therefore, it is important to diagnose it early. We aimed to investigate studies that evaluated the TyG index for prediction of IR risk and other cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as, the proposed cutoff points in childhood and adolescence. This is a systematic review elaborated according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA). The search was performed in Lilacs, PubMed and CAPES Journal Portal, using the terms "TyG index OR triglyceride-glucose index OR triglyceride and glucose index AND children OR adolescent*". Eight articles were included in this review. All were cross-sectional studies with individuals aged ≥2 and ≤20 years old, from the United States, Korea, Mexico, Brazil, and Iran. We concluded that the TyG index was positively associated with other IR prediction methods and appears to be advantageous for predicting IR risk and other cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents (review registration: PROSPERO CRD42018100726).

Eating habits, lifestyle and intestinal constipation in children aged four to seven years.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: to investigate the association between intestinal constipation, lifestyle and eating habits in four to seven year old children. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a sample of 152 children aged four to seven years old. Intestinal constipation was characterized according to the Rome IV criteria. Excess weight was classified by the body mass index. Variables that could be associated with constipation, such as maternal constipation, lifestyle, food and water intake, were selected. In the analysis, the prevalence ratio using Poisson regression, with a robust variance and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: the prevalence of intestinal constipation was 32.2% (n = 49), of which 34.7% (n = 17) of the children were overweight. As for lifestyle, 73% of the children did not practice any regular physical activities and approximately 60% spent more than two hours a day in sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing electronic games. A statistically significant association was found between constipation and daily school time equal to or greater than 4.5 hours (p = 0.007), non-consumption of fruits (p = 0.003) and greens (p = 0.007) and regular intake of fried food (p = 0.003). Conclusion: an association between intestinal constipation and unhealthy habits, such as non-consumption of fruits and vegetables, and regular consumption of fried food was observed. Preventing intestinal constipation requires changes in the lifestyle and eating habits of the children and family.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre estreñimiento intestinal, estilo de vida y hábitos alimentarios en niños de cuatro a siete años. Métodos: estudio transversal con muestra de 152 niños de cuatro a siete años. El estreñimiento intestinal se caracterizó según los criterios de Roma IV. El exceso de peso fue clasificado por el índice de masa corporal. Se seleccionaron variables que podrían estar asociadas al estreñimiento, como el estreñimiento materno, el estilo de vida, los hábitos alimentarios y el consumo de agua. En los análisis, la razón de prevalencia mediante regresión de Poisson con una varianza robusta y significación estadística se estableció < 0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de estreñimiento intestinal fue del 32,2%, de la cual el 34,7% presentaba un exceso de peso. En cuanto al estilo de vida, el 71% de los niños no practicaba actividad física regular y aproximadamente el 60% pasaba más de dos horas diarias realizando actividades sedentarias, como ver la televisión y jugar a videojuegos. Se pudo constatar una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estreñimiento y un tiempo diario en la escuela igual o superior a 4,5 horas (p = 0,007), escaso consumo de frutas (p = 0,003) y verduras (p = 0,007) y consumo regular de frituras (p = 0,003). Conclusiones: se pudo observar una relación directa entre el estreñimiento intestinal y los hábitos no saludables, como no consumir frutas y verduras y el consumo regular de frituras. La prevención del estreñimiento intestinal requiere cambios en el estilo de vida y los hábitos alimentarios del niño y la familia.

Eating habits, lifestyle and intestinal constipation in children aged four to seven years / Hábitos alimentarios, estilo de vida y estreñimiento intestinal en niños de cuatro a siete años

Objective: to investigate the association between intestinal constipation, lifestyle and eating habits in four to seven year old children. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a sample of 152 children aged four to seven years old. Intestinal constipation was characterized according to the Rome IV criteria. Excess weight was classifi ed by the body mass index. Variables that could be associated with constipation, such as maternal constipation, lifestyle, food and water intake, were selected. In the analysis, the prevalence ratio using Poisson regression, with a robust variance and statistical signifi cance was set at p < 0.05. Results: the prevalence of intestinal constipation was 32.2% (n = 49), of which 34.7% (n = 17) of the children were overweight. As for lifestyle, 73% of the children did not practice any regular physical activities and approximately 60% spent more than two hours a day in sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing electronic games. A statistically significant association was found between constipation and daily school time equal to or greater than 4.5 hours (p = 0.007), non-consumption of fruits (p = 0.003) and greens (p = 0.007) and regular intake of fried food (p = 0.003). Conclusion: an association between intestinal constipation and unhealthy habits, such as non-consumption of fruits and vegetables, and regular consumption of fried food was observed. Preventing intestinal constipation requires changes in the lifestyle and eating habits of the children and family

Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre estreñimiento intestinal, estilo de vida y hábitos alimentarios en niños de cuatro a siete años. Métodos: estudio transversal con muestra de 152 niños de cuatro a siete años. El estreñimiento intestinal se caracterizó según los criterios de Roma IV. El exceso de peso fue clasificado por el índice de masa corporal. Se seleccionaron variables que podrían estar asociadas al estreñimiento, como el estreñimiento materno, el estilo de vida, los hábitos alimentarios y el consumo de agua. En los análisis, la razón de prevalencia mediante regresión de Poisson con una varianza robusta y significación estadística se estableció < 0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de estreñimiento intestinal fue del 32,2%, de la cual el 34,7% presentaba un exceso de peso. En cuanto al estilo de vida, el 71% de los niños no practicaba actividad física regular y aproximadamente el 60% pasaba más de dos horas diarias realizando actividades sedentarias, como ver la televisión y jugar a videojuegos. Se pudo constatar una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estreñimiento y un tiempo diario en la escuela igual o superior a 4,5 horas (p = 0,007), escaso consumo de frutas (p = 0,003) y verduras (p =0,007) y consumo regular de frituras (p = 0,003). Conclusiones: se pudo observar una relación directa entre el estreñimiento intestinal y los hábitos no saludables, como no consumir frutas y verduras y el consumo regular de frituras. La prevención del estreñimiento intestinal requiere cambios en el estilo de vida y los hábitos alimentarios del niño y la familia